point towards the positive effect of B12 on GSH redox capacity as a possible mechanism of action 28 that may improve brain function as well as the immune system and the gastrointestinal tract in individuals with ASD
However, in a more recent study where strong involvement of the adaptive immune response in the brain was confirmed, further inflammatory stress by LPS was required to achieve spreading of pSYN into the brain (220)
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Nevertheless, most of the studies are based on animal models, and more well-designed clinical trials are required to address the potential of these ingredients when regulating intestinal barrier dysfunctions
doi: 10.1080/10401230701653377 265 BortolasciCCVargasHOSouza-NogueiraABarbosaDSMoreiraEGNunesSOet al
The Bottom Line Bacteriostatic water might look like a simple product, but the gap between a properly manufactured pharmacy-grade vial and an unverified one is exactly where avoidable risk lives